Standards
Corrections, expressions of concern and retractions
The journal uses three notices to protect the accuracy of the published record: corrections, expressions of concern and retractions. The evidence and its effect on the reliability of the article determine which notice is issued.
Types of notice
Correction. A correction fixes a specified error that does not make the article as a whole unreliable. The notice identifies the error and states exactly what changed.
Expression of concern. An expression of concern alerts readers to a potentially serious matter that remains unresolved while the journal examines it. It is not a finding of wrongdoing or responsibility.
Retraction. A retraction tells readers that the article, or a substantial part of it, can no longer be relied upon. The article remains online and is clearly marked as retracted.
How notices are issued
The journal issues the notice that reflects what the available evidence establishes and how the matter affects the reliability of the article. If the matter remains unresolved, the journal may issue an expression of concern while the examination continues.
All published versions remain available. The journal does not silently replace or remove the record. Every notice remains linked permanently to the article and explains the problem, the action taken and the source of the error when responsibility has been established, including when the journal is responsible.